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Water resources management in Kurdistan faces a range of complex challenges, including water scarcity, pollution, climate change, political fragmentation, inadequate infrastructure, and rapid urbanization. Despite the presence of major rivers and groundwater reserves, these issues hinder sustainable development and water security. Addressing them requires integrated management approaches, improved infrastructure, water conservation, cross-border cooperation, policy and […]

In Erbil City, municipal wastewater (MWW) is often discharged directly into the natural environment without undergoing any treatment. In some areas, this untreated wastewater is even used for irrigation, posing serious risks to public health and the environment. Variations in water quantity and quality have created significant challenges for the region’s water sources. Additionally, there

      Estimating Mean Residence Time of Groundwater in Central Basin Erbil Using Environmental Isotopes is the study focuses on assessing how long groundwater remains underground before discharging or being extracted, using isotopic tracers as natural indicators. Environmental stable isotope analysis to determine the mean residence time (MRT) of groundwater in Erbil’s central basin. Focusing on